If You Google Someone Do They Know

Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.

Vocabulary: Ecology and environment. Bug of big cities.

Grammer: Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.

Содержание темы

1. Types of Conditionals.
2. Mixed Conditionals.
3. Other tenses in provisional sentences.
4. The Subjunctive.
5. Present and past reference with 'I wish', 'if only' and 'it'due south (loftier) time'.
6. Expressing wishes and regrets with 'I wish' and 'if only.
7. 'Would' and 'could' later 'I wish' and 'if only'.
8. 'It'south (loftier) time' and 'It's (most) fourth dimension'.
9. Expressing personal preference with 'I'd rather/ I'd sooner'.
10. Expressing preferences about other people'southward deportment.
11. 'I'd rather.

Grammar

Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.

Blazon I Настоящее время	If-придаточое прдложение (hypothesis) + Presen Tenses	Future/Imperatie/can/may/might/must/should + Инфинитив без to
	if + любая форма настоящего времени (Present S., Present Cont. or Present Pert.)
	If you finish work early, nosotros'll go for a walk.
	If the weather is nice, we'll go swimming.
		Действия, которые совершаться в настоящем или будущем времени
	If you take finished your coffee, we can pay the bill.
	If you're ill, encounter a medico! If you fire yourself, information technology hurts.
Type II Не реальные действия для настоящего или будущего	If + By Uncomplicated or Past Continuous	would/could/might + bare infinitive
	If I had money, I would travel round the earth. (but I don't have coin - untrue in the present)
	If I were a bird, I could fly.
		Нереальные, которые не совершатся. Для настоящего или будущего времени.
	If I were you lot, I would accept an umbrella, (advice)
Blazon III Не реальные действия для прошедшего времени	If + By Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous	would/could/might + have + past participle
	If we hadn't left and then early, nosotros would have missed the aeroplane.
	If I had been invited, I would have gone to the party.
	If y'all had told me before about your problems, I would have helped you lot , simply now it's as well late.	Нереальные, которые не совершились. Для прошедшего времени.
	If the atmospheric condition hadn't been so nasty yesterday, we would not have stayed at home all day long.

Expressions

Conditionals are normally introduced by IF; the following expressions can be uses in stead of IF: providing,  provided (that), as long every bit, in case, on condition (that), simply for (=without), otherwise, or else, what if, supposing, even if, simply if, unless.

two.one If only : This adds emphasis to hypothetical situations. With past events information technology adds a sense of regret. The 2nd part of the sentence is oftentimes left out.

If merely  I had plenty time!

If but  I hadn 't drunk besides much, this wouldn 't have happened!

2.2 Unless and other alternatives

Unless just if not.  Not all negative IF-sentences can be transformed into unless  sentences.

If he wasn 't told  by Jane, he couldn 't accept known .

Unless he was told  by Jane, he couldn 't accept known , (tin can exist changed)

If Mr Smith doesn 't come up back , he 'Two telephone  you. (cannot be changed)

If one situation depends on another, information technology can be replaced by as/so long every bit, provided  or just if .

2.3 Only if combines with other time expressions and is used with past simple

Only after posting the letter did  I remember that I had forgotten to put on a stamp. (inversion)

I'll do  what you say provided the law are not  informed.

2.4 Fifty-fifty if describes how something volition happen whatever the condition.

Even if it rains , nosotros'll withal go  for a picnic.

2.five But for him , I wouldn't accept been able to survive. (If he hadn't helped me…)

ii.6 Supposing information technology rains, will y'all withal go for a picnic?

2.7 What if  it rains,  will y'all go for a walk?

2.8 We  can omit "if", when should, were and  had come before the subject.

Should, come , tell him to wait for me.

Were you, I would speak to her. known , he would have told usa.

4. Other tenses in provisional sentences

4.1 Going to Going to  tin can supplant will.

If you fall, you  're going to  hurt yourself.

If you  're going to  make problem, nosotros '2 call the police.

4.2 Present perfect This can be used to accent completion after if.

If you' ve finished , and so we'll go. It is besides possible in both parts of the sentence.

If I've  told you  once, I've told  you a hundred times!

4.3 Incertitude and uncertainty

An additional not  can be added in formal expressions involving doubt. This emphasizes the dubiety and does not add a negative significant.

I wouldn 't exist surprised if it didn 't rain.  (I recollect it will rain.)

4.4 Should

if,  this makes the possibility of an event seem unlikely.

If you should  encounter Ann, could  you lot ask her to call me?

This implies that I do not expect you to see Ann.

4.5 Were to This likewise makes an event seem more than hypothetical.

If I were to enquire  you to marry me, what would you say?

4.6 Happen to

This emphasizes chance possibilities. It is ofttimes used with should.

If you  happen to  run across Helen, could y'all ask her to call me?

If you  should happen to be passing,  drop in for a cup of tea.

4.seven If it were non for/If it hadn 't been for

This describes how one event depends on another.

If information technology  weren  't for Jim, this visitor would be in a mess.

If information technology  hadn 't  been for  their goalkeeper, United would have lost.

4.8 Will and would :  politeness and emphasis These can exist used as polite forms.

If you  will/would wait  here, I'll see if Mrs Dark-green is costless.

Will  can also be used for emphasis, significant 'insist on doing'.

If you will stay out late, no wonder y'all are tired! (insist on staying)

iv.nine If and adjectives

In expressions such as if it is necessary/possible  it is possible to omit the verb be. If interested,  apply inside.  If necessary,  take a taxi.

4.ten  Formally if can mean although ,  normally as if + adjective.

The room was well-furnished, if a lilliputian  desperately busy.

5.1 Subjunctive sentences: Discipline + VERB + THAT + SUBJECT +  INF. without to

  John'south mother insisted that he  render  domicile early.

5.2. Subjunctive  обозначает особую группу глагольных временных форм (типа pres . — be ; past  — were for all persons  — для глагола to be  или infinitive without to  — для других глаголов), используемых для описания событий, которые вряд ли когда-либо будут иметь место, но которые являются предметом наших надежд, мечтаний, желаний.

5.3 The Nowadays Subjunctive

The Present Subjunctive is used after
Verbs	Impersonal expressions
Indicating that one person wants some other one to exercise something
Propose, club, need, enquire, require, recommend, control, propose, insist, suggest	It is  necessary, of import, proposed, recommended, suggested
He suggested that she go  at that place. He suggested that they should get there.	Information technology is suggested that she become  there

5.four Note the difference:

British variant:  I insist that you should exit  without her.

   It is recommended that you should publish  your book.

American variant:   I insist that you leave  without her.

   Information technology is recommended that you publish  your book

five.5 The Past Subjunctive  prefers to use were  instead of was.

She behaves equally if she were  / was a queen.

I wish it were truthful

6. Present and by reference with 'I wish', 'if just' and 'information technology's (high) time'

(I) wish, if only. information technology'south (high) time and information technology's (about) time,  we 'become one tense back':

1 The past tense refers to the nowadays: I wish I had  a better watch!  (At present)

2 The by perfect tense refers to the past: If simply you had asked  me outset!  (And so)

7. Expressing wishes and regrets with 'I wish' and 'if only

vii.1 Nosotros oft use I wish  for things that might (still) happen:

I wish I knew  the respond!  (= it'due south possible I might notice out the answer)

If only  is stronger. We apply it to express regret for things that can (now) never happen:

If only your mother were  live now!  (Of course, / wish  is also possible.)

7.ii We may employ the simple by of be  after wish  and if only

I wish I was  on holiday now.  If only Tessa was  hither now!

If we desire to be more formal, we use were  in all persons

I wish I were  on holiday now.  If only Tessa were  here!

7.3 We may utilise the by perfect of be  for things that tin never happen:

I wish I had been  on vacation final week.  If simply Tessa had been  here yesterday!

seven.4 We use the past or past perfect forms of other verbs:

I wish I knew  the reply to your question.

I wish I had known  then what I know now!

8. 'Would' and 'could' afterward 'I wish' and 'if but'

We must use could,  non would,  subsequently /and we.  Compare:

I can't swim.                           → I wish I could  swim.

We weren't together!              → I wish nosotros could have been together

Nosotros sometimes use / wish you (he. she.  etc.) would(northward't)  similar an imperative:

(I am making a lot of racket!)  → I wish you wouldn't make and so much noise!

(He is making a lot of noise!)  → I wish he would be  quiet!

9. 'It'southward (high) fourth dimension' and 'It'due south (about) time'

Nosotros apply It'southward fourth dimension, It's high time  and it's near time  to express nowadays or future wishes, or to express our impatience about things that haven't happened even so:

Kim can't even boil an egg. - I know.

Information technology's time/high time/about time she learnt to cook!

10. Expressing personal preference with 'I'd rather/ I'd sooner'

Nosotros use would rather and would sooner to express preference.

We tin refer to the nowadays or the time to come:

I'd rather/I'd sooner be a architect than an builder.

Or nosotros can refer to the past:

If I could choose once again, I'd rather/sooner have been  a builder than an architect.

11. Expressing preferences about other people's actions

11.one We can refer to other people after I'd rather or I'd sooner.

I'd rather leave  on an earlier train.  (= I'm referring to myself)

I'd rather Jack left on an earlier train. ( I desire him to go out)

eleven.ii We use the past tense form subsequently I'd rather to  refer to the nowadays or future.

I'd rather be  happy.  I'd rather not sit next to her. (=  for myself)

I'd rather she were/was  happy. (= now)

I'd rather she didn't sit down  adjacent to me. (= now)

eleven.3 We use the past perfect form after I'd rather to  refer to past time.

I'd rather have been  present. (=  then - I'm referring to myself)

I'd rather yous had been  present,  (and so)

I'd rather y'all hadn't told me  about it.  (then)

12. 'I'd rather he didn't'

We generally omit the chief office of the verb in short responses:

12.ane negative responses:

Frank is going to buy  a motorbike. - I'd rather  he didn't.

I′ve told  everyone nigh it.   - I'd rather  you lot hadn't.

12.two affirmative responses:

Frank won't give up  his present job. - I'd rather  he did.

I haven't told  anyone about it. - I'd rather  you had.

12.three Nosotros do non accept to echo the main verb in a complete sentence:

You always get  without me and I'd rather  you didn't.

Vocabulary

Ecology and environment. Bug of big cities.

Study the of import vocabulary:

i. The weather:

Cold weather: the dank days of fall, cold days of winter, frosts, icy roads, sleet rain and snow, severe blizzards, snowdrifts, freezing weather, the footing thaws, water ice melts.

Warm/hot weather: close, stifling, humid, scorching, humid, mild, heatwave

Wet weather: damp, drizzle, shower, pour down / downpour, storm, thunderstorm, torrential pelting, flood; haze/hazy, mist/misty, fog/foggy, smog

Wind: gentle breeze, good wind, blustery day, gale alert, hurricane

2. The Natural Globe:

Animals: species, reptile, dinosaur, bird, fish, gills, mammal, nest, fly, tail, claws, paw, hoof; Flowers and trees: pollen, leaves, branch, torso, roots, bark; Names of trees: oak, fir, evergreen pine, birch; Verbs: to flower/blossom, extinct, hibernate, thrive, pick flowers, constitute, fertilize, harvest crops.

3. The surround:

Brook, stream, river; hillock, hill, mountain; cove, bay, gulf; trees, wood, forest;   pool, swimming, lake; footpath, lane, route

Where state meets sea: coast, shore, beach, estuary, cliff, cape,  peninsula;

Words connected with rivers: source, tributary, waterfall, mouth, valley, gorge; Words connected with mountains:  foot, ridge, superlative, acme, glacier;

4. Environmental issues:

air, river and sea pollution; overfishing, the greenhouse effect, the destruction of the ozone layer, the destruction of the rainforests, battery farming, waste disposal, rubbish, re-cycling

We should:  avoid spray cans, practice organic farming, use unleaded petrol, recycle paper and bottle banks

Problems: overpopulation, unemployment , famine, ignorance, diseases

Раздел: Задания для самостоятельной работы

Grammer

1. I finished excavation in half an hr but I felt as if I ____ for hours.

1. worked
2. had worked
3. work
4. take worked

two. It's  fourth dimension we ____ our parents. Nosotros ____ them for ____ long fourth dimension.

1. visited, oasis't visited, such
2. have visited, didn't see, so
3. had visited, hadn't seen, a very
4. visited, haven't seen, such a

3. If I had known that he needed money, I ____ him some. I had ____ dollars to spare.

1. would have borrowed, some
2. might give, few
3. would give, a little
4. would accept lent, a few

4. His gesture ____ impatience. He looked as if he ____ for hours.

1. indicated, is waiting
2. offered, had waited
3. suggested, had been waiting
4. showed, waited

five. He had written his address downward the terminal morning, she remembered, and said that if she ____ to Paris he ____ happy to see her again.

1. had always come, will feel
2. comes, volition be
3. would come, may be
4. e'er came, would be

6. Minnie had a gift for mathematics and probably could get ____ didactics in the section if she ____ it upon graduation.

1. a job, wanted
2. work, will have wanted
3. job, wished
4. a position, wants

seven. He stood strong and impotent with anger. She stared into the mirror every bit if he ____.

1. doesn't exist
2. didn't exist
3. hadn't existed
4.  won't exist

viii. If only we ____ a telephone! I'1000 tired of queueing outside the public phone box.

1. had had
2. had
3. have had
4. tin have

nine. He said that if the state of war ____ he would have to go out the state at once.

1. breaks out
2. broken out
3. bankrupt out
4. volition break out

10. Then he said: "If this human being ____, the whole dirty story will come out, and I don't want information technology ____ ."

1. will exist arrested, come out
2. is arrested, to come up out
3. will abort, coming out
4. is existence arrested, to come out

11. "There are ____ institutions, of course, but information technology's not very easy to get into them unless you lot ____ influential friends."

1. charitable, haven't got
2. charity's, have got
3. charity, don't have
4. charity, have

12. "If nil ____ , said she, beaming at them, we shall be back in England for ____ Christmas."

1. will happen, -
2. happened, a
3. happens, -
4. will have happened, the

13. At ____ dawn she looked weak and stake, as though she ____ up all dark.

1. - , had been
2. the, were
3. a, was
4. - , has been

xiv. They all acted as if they ____ at a family unit reunion, as if they ____ each other in years.

1. had been, didn't run across
2. were, hadn't seen
3. were, haven't seen
4. have been, hadn't seen

xv. I realized that if they ____ their heads, they ____ my pale face looking at them over the pile of suitcases.

1. had turned, tin run across
2. turned, would be able to see
3. volition plough, volition see
4. have turned, would see

sixteen. "I have some work that ____ be finished before I ____ on my holiday."

1. would, will go away
2. ought, am away
3. should, will get away
4. must, become away

17. If Martin ____ her ____ that fashion he ____ take taken offence.

1. hears, speaking, can
2. had heard, speak, would
3. heard, to speak, might
4. had heard, speak, must

18. They took care of her as though they ____ her parents.

1. are
2. were
3. had been
4. have been

19. I ____ to help if I ____ I would be whatever use.

1. would suggest, thought
2. will propose, could accept thought
3. might advise, could think
4. would offering, thought

xx. It was long ____ I had final seen her and if someone had not mentioned her proper noun I ____ her.

1. since, mustn't have recognized
2. from, shouldn't recognize
3. since, wouldn't take recognized
4. while, couldn't accept recognized

21. Information technology'southward loftier time y'all ____ in ____ bed likewise, my child.

1. are, -
2. must be, the
3. were, -
4. should be, a

22. If I hadn't been in that location something very unpleasant ____ to him.

1. could happen
2. might have happened
3. was to happen
4. must have happened

23. If he ____ at once he might have saved us a lot of problem.

1. were sent for
2. is sent for
3. had been sent for
4. volition exist sent for

24. I could non imagine ____ wishing to spend iii months in that location; unless information technology ____ somebody who wanted to hide.

1. none, was
2. someone, was non
3. people, were non
4. anyone, was

25. He looked at me as if he ____ what they had on their minds.

1. is wondering
2. has been wondering
3. were wondering
4. had been wondered

26. I wished that Thomas ____ me there.

1. has not brought
2. had non brought
3. does not bring
4. was not brought

27. "Just we ____ in conference for 2 hours," he said. "It'southward high time ____ a tea break."

1. are, having had
2. were, we take
3. have been beingness, to have
4. accept been, we had

28. If John ____ to encounter a dentist, let him ____ toothache.

1. is refusing, to suffer
2. refuses, suffer
3. refused, suffering
4. volition turn down, suffering

29. "You had better ____ domicile. You're likely to get into problem if you ____ here."

1. become, stay
2. to go, accept stayed
3. bustle, will stay
4. to hurry, are staying

30. If nosotros ____ waterproof coats it ____ pleasant enough to bulldoze in that bound rain.

1. had had, would have been
2. have had, would be
3. shall have, is
4. are having, will exist

31. He wondered a fiddling ruefully just what Dad ____ if he ____ about his relations with January.

1. would say, knew
2. might say, had known
3. would have said, learns
4. should say, has learned

32. And and so he saw that Doreen ____ , and he felt every bit though someone ____ him in the breadbasket.

1. was crying, has kicked
2. had been cried, kicked
3. had been crying, had kicked
4. cried, had been kicked

33. She scarcely seemed ____ what they were saying. It was as though information technology ____ her.

1. hearing, did not concern
2. to hear, did not business organization
3. listening, was not concerning
4. to understand, had not concerned

34. She remembered as though it ____ only yesterday the outset time she ____ them.

1. were, was coming together
2. was, has met
3. has been, met
4. had been, had met

1) will exist, are ... discussing

two) were, were ... discussing

3) has been, would ... discuss

4) was, volition... talk over

36. If you    away with him, go at once, but don't inquire me   him.

1) will go, to meet

two) volition be going, to have met

3) are going, to run into

4) have gone, to be meeting

37. I'm not a poet. Only if I   poems I   dedicate them to y'all.

1) would, volition

ii) can, shall

iii) could, would

4) can, would

38. If I   you then, what   you accept done?

1) didn't help, would

2) hadn't helped, would

3) didn't, will

four) oasis't helped, volition

39. I wish I       poet to draw it to you.

1) were, a

ii) am, a

3) had been, the

four) was, the

40. I'm tired. It's high time you   and me in peace.

1) go, get out

two) have gone, take left

3) would have gone, exit

4) went, left

41. Why  that pie last night? I wish I   that pie final night.

1) did I swallow, had eaten

ii) did I eat, hadn't eaten

3) have I eaten, hadn't eaten

four) did I eat, didn't swallow

42. If she   he was going to be angry virtually it, she   that.

i) knew, won't practice

ii) knows, wouldn't do

3) had known, wouldn't have done

4) would know, have done

43. You wouldn't be and then tired today if you   to bed when I told you to. Something should exist done to help you.

44. If y'all     your medicine yesterday, you   today.

one) had taken, would be well

two) took, would be better

3) have, volition be good

4) have taken, would have been well

45. If he   such bad writing, I   these letters.

i) didn't have, can have read

2) didn't have, could read

iii) hadn't had, can read

iv) didn't have, could have read

46. Why didn't I ask her out? If only I   her out! Everything   .

1) enquire, volition change

ii) asked, would change

iii) had asked, would have changed

4) would ask, had changed

47. If I    overseas instead of him, I   something and   somebody.

ane) would become, earnt, were

2) would accept gone, accept learnt, been

3) had gone, might have learnt, been

4) went, may acquire, exist

48. If she   with him at this moment, the doubt and loneliness   evaporate. But he was alone.

1) was, volition

2) were, would

3) accept been, would

4) had been, would accept

52. I shall go there provided you   to accompany me. It's loftier time you ____  rything.

1) would consent, are knowing

2) will consent, take known

3) would take consented, know

4) consent, knew

53. If he   your remark, he     offence. And what's more, I've but told you lot that talking mends no holes.

1) had heard, would take

two) heard, would take

3) have heard, would have taken

4) had heard, would have taken

54. He speaks equally if he   the field of study very well.

1) had known

ii) is knowing

three) has known

4) knew

1) were, would have checked

ii) were, would check

three) am, will check

four) had been, would cheque

56. If I a spare ticket this night I  you to the concert.

ane) volition have, will have

2) had, would take

3) volition have had, can have

iv) had had, could take

57. If the serpent bite   poisonous, you   very bad now.

1) was, will feel

ii) had been, are feeling

3) were, would accept felt

four) had been, would feel

58. If she      some lessons, she   her performance.

1) tin can have, might improve

2) could have, might improve

3) could accept had, may amend

4) could have, might to meliorate

1) will plough away, being

2) will be turning from, have been

3) decline, be

4) have turned against, to be

1) If had he been, would have accompanied, might not take place

2) Had he been, would take accompanied, might not take taken place

3) Had he been, would accompany, might not have taken place

4) If he had been, would back-trail, might not take place

61. If they   here, I   so glad, as they  everything to me.

1) would be, were, would explain

2) were, should be, explained

iii) would be, were, explained

4) were, should exist, would explain

62. If that you   he  very glad.

1) I had told him, would come, would have been

2) had I told him, would come, had been

3) I told him, would accept come, would have been

4) I should tell him, would come, had been

63. If you us and so, all the differences might .

64. If you lot Dr. Smith before, y'all ill now.

1) consult, will be

two) didn't consult, can exist

3) had consulted, wouldn't exist

4) take consulted, won't exist

65. If nosotros the question at that coming together, our demands .

ane) had raised, would have been met

ii) raised, would meet

3) rise, would be met

4) have raised, won't be met

66. If it dark, we our mode.

ane) is, would accept lost

2) hadn' t been, might not take lost

3) wasn't, can have lost

four) were, will lose

67. I wish you lot rude remarks about me.

2) are not making

3) wouldn't make

4) hadn't made

68. He looked at his sis as if he anything like her.

1) didn't always seen

2) has never seen

3) can't see

4) had never seen

69. The exams . Information technology's fourth dimension nosotros down to work.

one) are coming, got

2) come, get

3) will come, are getting

4) accept come, are

lxx. I wish more people in the office your sense of sense of humour, Jack.

1) have

2) can accept

3) will have

4) had

Vocabulary

1. Observe the right discussion.

1. During the storm, the climbers sheltered in a cave/cliff/valley.
2. The fields were flooded after the river outburst its banks/edges/sides.
3. In the middle of the foursquare in that location is an erstwhile fountain/source/tap.
4. After the rain the street was total of floods/lakes/puddles.
5. A modest river/stream/torrent  runs beyond the bottom of our garden.
6. You must bear a lot of water when you cross the desert/plain/sand.
7. From the peak/elevation/top  of the hill y'all can see the body of water.
8. It was difficult to swim considering the waters/waves/tides  were then high.
9. I remember it's going to rain. It's very overcast/clouding/cloudy.
10.  The church caught burn down when it was struck by hurricane/lightning/thunder.

2. Choose the correct variant:

1. Many people are interested in watching............

1) wildlife    2) wilds    3) wilderness

two.The domestic dog.........its tail furiously when it saw the children.

one) shook    2) wagged    3) moved

3. A large.........of the tree broke off in the storm.

ane) trunk    2) bawl    3) co-operative

four. The children enjoyed rolling down the grassy............

one) mount    2) cliff   3) gradient

5. There was field after field of gilt..........waving in the wind.

1) corn    2) bushes    3) herbs

6. You have to sleep nether a net to avoid existence bitten by...........

1) lobsters   ii) cockroaches    3) mosquitoes

seven. Earlier railways were built, many goods were carried on..........

i) channels    2) canals    three) river.

eight. Some wild animals will become.........if they get used to people.

1) tame    2) organised    3) petty

3. Put the right word in each space:

1. We collect honey from our own bee.....................
2. There's a rabbit....................in the corner of this field.
3. There's a drinking....................on the other side of the park.
4. The hill....................was covered in beautiful wild flowers.
5. What's the weather....................for tomorrow?
6. You lot can encounter the mountain....................among the clouds in the distance.

4. Choose the correct reply:

1. There has been another increment/ascent  in the amount of law-breaking.
2. The train was in accident/standoff  with a bus on a level crossing.
3. Many people were injured when the building demolished/complanate.
4. No ships are sailing today because of the high/storm  winds.
5. The government has appear plans to help the poor/poverty.
6. Everyone agrees that the environs/nature  must be protected.
7. There are few jobs here and many people are abroad from work/unemployed.
8. The commuter of the bus admitted that he had done/made  an mistake.
9. There was a large demonstration/manifestation  against nuclear power.

v. Put the right give-and-take in each space:

1. Food has been sent to areas in Africa suffering from........................
2. Many people live in overcrowded.......................on the edge of the metropolis.
3. The cost of.......................has risen steadily this year.
4. Thousands of buildings fell downwardly during a severe........................
5. The eruption of the volcano was a terrible........................
6. Hundreds of people were drowned during the.......................in China.
7. Big cities face up the problem of what to do with household........................
8. Doctors announced that at that place was now a cure for the........................

TEXT

Radar

On May 7th, 1915, during the Commencement Globe War (1914-1918), a big British rider ship, the Lusitania, was sailing in perfect atmospheric condition from America to England, with two k people on board. Suddenly, at about one-half by two in the afternoon, in that location were two fearful explosions. The ship shook from end to end, and many people were thrown off their feet. A German submarine had fired at the Lusitania and blown two holes in her lesser. The sea rushed into her engine-rooms, and virtually immediately the ship began to sink.

She sank in but xx minutes; and nearly i g people lost their lives.

The captain could not see the submarine that attacked his ship, and he had no instrument to prove him the danger. Now the danger of surprise attacks against ships and collisions with icebergs is greatly reduced by radar. This radio instrument finds the position and altitude of objects which the human eye may not exist able to see; it besides records the direction and speed of moving objects, such every bit ships and aeroplanes. Radar can pick out objects more than than a hundred miles away in the worst weather conditions, when we tin can see maybe no farther than a hundred yards.

Radar works in this manner. Powerful transmitters send out a stream of radio-waves, called "pulses", at the rate of maybe i thousand every second. These pulses shoot through the air at a speed of one hundred and lxxx-vi thousand miles a second till they hit an object, perhaps a send, an airplane, an iceberg or a hill. These pulses cannot go through the object; and and so they immediately shoot back at the same speed, in the contrary direction, and hit the aerial of the radar. The moment this happens, a spot or line of lite appears on the radar screen, showing the position and distance of the object.

Today radar is used for many peaceful purposes all over the world. Modern ships of all nations carry radar to help them sail in bad atmospheric condition, when it is possible to see for a distance of mayhap only a few hundred yards. In the past, the captain unremarkably had to ballast his transport at such times and wait for conditions to better. But today a ship with radar can sail in almost whatever weather conditions, with no danger of an blow.

Radar also helps to guide aeroplanes across the globe. Radio signals called beams are transmitted into the heaven from land radio stations at a number of points forth their grade. The pilots tin can hear these signals on their radio and see them on their radar screen. The beams arg like sign-posts in the heaven. A airplane pilot guides his aeroplane towards one axle, and so flies on to the next beam. At the end of his journey, he will land his airplane with the help of radar.

Trained men at the airport lookout man the plane on their radar screen and tell the airplane pilot by radio the class to follow, they tell him when and by how much to reduce acme, and requite any other orders that may be necessary.

(Word count 539)

Answer the questions to text

one. The Lusitania was wrecked because

1) she was overloaded with ii thousand people aboard

2) of the fearful explosion of some substance she carried on board

iii) she got sudden gaps in her bottom

iv) she carried out military operations during the First World State of war

2. Which of the following observations reflects the main idea of the text all-time of all?

1) Radar is one of the vitally of import discoveries of the 20th century

2) Radar could accept prevented the catastrophy of the Lusitania

3) To be able to use radar i should know in detail how it works

4) Radar is widely used in aviation and sailing

3. Radar is very helpful in

one) forecasting conditions conditions.

2) hitting diverse objects, such equally ships, aeroplanes, icebergs, hills.

3) recording the direction and speed of moving objects over a hundred miles away.

4) sending out radio-waves to transmit information.

4. Which of the post-obit statements is non true?

1) Now the danger of surprise attacks against ships is eliminated by radar.

2) Before the invention of radar sailing must have taken a longer time than now.

iii) Ships all over the world began to carry radar not before the invention of the

radio.

4) Radar is used for spotting afar objects.

5. It follows from the text that

1) the passengers of the Lusitania died in the accident.

two) radar is used but in bad weather weather condition, when nosotros tin see perhaps no

farther than a hundred yards.

iii) the radar effect would be impossible if the pulses were non reflected past the

target objects.

4) anyone can guide aeroplanes with the aid of radar.

Раздел: Задания для самостоятельной работы

ТЕСТ

I. Выберите единственный правильный вариант из предложенных для заполнения пропуска.

ane. The chairman proposed that the matter  _____  at the next coming together.

1) be decided

two) should decide

3) to be decided

iv) will be decided

2. If you  _____  this book you  _____  to supercede it.

ane) volition lose, volition have

two) lose, volition take

3) had lost, must

4) will lose, will need

iii. We insist that a meeting _____ equally soon equally possible.

ane) to be held

2) should exist held

three) will be held

4) to hold

4. If Alison ____ another half hour's piece of work, she ____ it by the time the children go home.

1) has done; finished

two) would do; would accept finished

3) does; will have finished

4) did; finishes

v. If you  _____  more than x books nosotros  _____  the cost of each book by 10%.

1) purchase, will reduce

two) will buy, reduce

3) volition buy, will reduce

4) have bought, reduced

six. Alison was very surprised and recommended that we ____ all the papers carefully.

1) will check

2) are checking

three) might bank check

iv) should bank check

7. If I ____ a pay rise, I'm going to buy a new car.

one) will get

2) got

3) go

iv) would become

8. Mary-Ann recommended that I _____ careful, and warned non to open up the door without asking who it was.

one) need to exist

ii) was to exist

iii) will be

4) be

9. I was a trifle taken aback, for my cousin spoke as though he _____ me before and I was afraid my friends would think and then.

1) never saw

2) has been seen

3) would accept never seen

4) had never seen

x. Henry took her manus and said, looking in her optics: "I'd rather you ____ anyone about  our chat."

1) tell

2) won't tell

3) didn't tell

4) don't tell

11. I wish y'all ____ me before that yous can't come to dinner tonight.

1) tell

2) told

3) had told

iv) had been told

12. The children rose  _____  after the poor repast, as if they  _____  at all.

1) hungry, did non eat

ii) hungrily, had non eaten

3) feeling hungry, have not eaten

4) hungry, had non eaten

13. "It'due south loftier time you ____ to await afterwards yourself," Alison demanded.

1) learned

2) learn

3) had learned

four) accept learned

14. It's fourth dimension that team ____ a friction match. They haven't won a match for ages.

i) has won

2) wins

3) won

iv) volition win

15. I was as awkward and shy with her as if I  _____  poor Henry.

one) had wounded

ii) wounded

3) were wounded

iv) had been wounded

Рекомендуемая литература

1. English Grammat in Use, Raymond Murphy, Cambridge University Press, 1997

(pp 74-81)

1. Advanced Grammar in Use, Martin Hewings, Cambridge Academy Printing, 2000

( рр  198-207)

1. Tests, Texts and Topics for your English language Exams, Ю . Б . Кузьменкова , Издательство " Титул », 2002 (pp 55-57)
2. The Heinemann English language Grammer, Digby Beaumont and Colin Granger, Heintmann, 1992 ( рр  111-120)
3. Revising, Reading and Reasoning for your English Exams, Ю . Б . Кузьменкова , А . Р . Жаворонкова , И . В . Извольская , Издательство " Титул », 2002 (pp 71-76)

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